In his essay “Science Versus Literature,” Roland Barthes
makes a number of claims, including the
following:
- Scientists treat language as a tool;
their goal is to make it as clear and as value-free as
possible - To scientists, the subject-matter or content
they wish to communicate is most important; the language in which such messages are
communicated is unimportant. It should simply be clear and precise and
objective - In contrast, in literature, language is
everything. Its function is not simply to convey a
message - Literature is a use of language in which language
itself becomes the most important element - Emphasizing the
centrality of language as language to literature can have radical
implications for morality and politics - The contrast
between science and literature is especially important to
structuralists - Structuralist ideas, which grew out of
linguistics, are especially relevant to literature - Used
as a kind of scientific, analytical method, structuralism can help us understand the
elements of literature and how they work - Structuralism
can also be used to classify different types of
literature - One of the ancestors of structuralism is
rhetoric - At every level of literature, structuralist
analysis is especially appropriate - However, structuralism
should not aim simply to be another “scientific” approach to
literature. - Instead, structuralism should
place
the actual subversion of scientific language at
the centre of its programme . .
.
- Structuralism
should give up the pretense that language can ever be simply a neutral
means of communicating
ideas - Structuralists should be aware of, and should
highlight, the paradoxes involved in their own use of language and in any use of
language - There is no such thing as a neutral use of
language, despite the claims of scientists to have achieved such a use; their claims
must be challenged - There is no use of language that is
superior to others; the claim of scientists to have achieved such a language must be
challenged - Science suppresses the pleasures of language,
and these need to be developed and emphasized - The role of
literature
is actively to represent to
the scientific establishment what the latter denies, . . . [which is] the sovereignty of
language. And structuralism ought to be in a strong position to cause such a scandal
because, being acutely aware of the linguistic nature of human artefacts, it alone can
reopen today the question of the linguistic status of
science.
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