It is hard to ignore the way in which this text relates so
closely to the colonial expansionism that had brought the powers of Europe into contact
with "brave, new worlds" that had just been "discovered." Historically, these new
relationships gave European powers the opportunity to exploit and disempower natives,
and it is hard not to see a parallel situation in both Prospero's relationship with
Caliban and with Ariel. While most considered that Europeans had a "god-given" right to
the colonial power they were beginning to wield, there were a few dissenting voices that
suggested that the "civilisation" that the European powers were supposedy bringing to
these oppressd colonies might not be the most beneficial thing for
them.
The relationship between Prospero and Caliban is
therefore of particular interest with regard to this question of colonialism. He is
shown to be enslaved, maltreated and abused by people who cold-heartedly use him for
their own benefits. Yet at the same time, Caliban himself is shown to be a treacherous
character who deliberately tried to rape Miranda and make her bear his children. He
laments his lack of success in this regard:
readability="5">
Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled
else
This isle with
Calibans.
He willingly tries
to betray Prospero in a laughable attempt by finding a new master in Stephano. Having
been taught the language of his oppressors, he now seeks to use that to overthrow
Prospero. In him, therefore, Shakespeare seems to present a very problematic depiction
of colonialism. Was Prospero right to enslave him? Was he right to "civilise" him? Does
this process make Caliban happier? These are questions with no easy answers, but ones
that reflect the different approaches to colonialism in Shakespeare's
day.