Discuss the differences in the way that Napoleon and Snowball interact with the other animals in Orwell's Animal Farm.

"Animal Farm" is an allegory for the Russian Revolution
and the betrayal of the revolution by Stalin and the Communist Party
bureaucracy.

Orwell was a revolutionary who supported the
idea of a state run in the interests of workers - he fought in the Spanish Civil war. He
is sympathetic to the Russian Revolution, but critical of its
degradation.

After the Revolution in 1917, Russian society
was organised around workers councils (or Soviets). Soviets provided democratic
structures in which people debated and implemented the running and organisation of
society. The leadership of each soviet was elected by members. After October, the CP
dominated the soviets having won support in 1917.

The CP
comprised local branches, with a central committee running the party day-to-day. The
party congress elected the central committee, and comprised delegates elected by
branches.

Congress was the supreme decision-making body of
the party; the CC made decisions between congress.

Lenin
was the leader, practical and theoretical, of the CP. Two other key figures were Joseph
Stalin and Leon Trotsky.

Stalin was a bureaucrat within the
CP machinery. During 1917 he was editor of Pravda - the party's newspaper - and
subsequently rose to become General Secretary.

Trotsky was
a journalist and theoretician, who wrote on Russian, and international, affairs. In 1917
he was elected Chair of the Petrograd soviet, led the October uprising, was elected as
the Commissar of Foreign Affairs, and also led the Red
Army.

Trotsky argued for the need to export the revolution
internationally, and that, without this, Russia would degrade into a
bureaucracy.

Stalin opposed Trotsky, arguing to build
socialism first in Russia, and only then to export
it.

Through the early 1920s, Trotsky challenged Stalin and
his supporters through the "left opposition", advocating greater openess and
democracy.

Trotsky believed in workers' democracy, while
Stalin believed in the supremacy of the party (and its leadership) in decision-making.
Stalin, after Lenin's death, made the CC, and not congress, the supreme body,
effectively subordinating the party membership to its
CC.

Trotsky, by the 1930s, described Russia as a degraded
workers state - it was undemocratic but still functioning on the basis of a planned
economy.

Here lies the answer to your question. In the
book, Snowball is analogous to Trotsky; Napolean to
Stalin.

Snowball advocates elected, decision-making
committees, but Napolean opposes these.

Snowball encourages
the animals to engage with decision making, and to educate themselves. Napolean, by
contrast, insists on delegation of responsibility to the pigs, while the animals do the
hard labour.

Napolean deceives the animals, operates behind
closed doors, and secrelty trains the dogs.

Snowball
proposes the windmill to reduce work on the farm. Napolean opposes this, and after
chasing Snowball off the farm, claims it to be his
idea.

Snowball seeks to win animals over to his ideas
through debate; Napolean seeks to force animals to his ideas through deception and the
dog-army.

Finally, Napolean's attitude is that of the pigs
as a whole (excluding Snowball). Snowball's struggle is against the pigs in general, and
not just Napolean. The pigs develop their own set of interests, which separate them from
the other animals. So the pigs act increasingly to further their own position, against
the interests of the animals as a whole.

This is the
essence of the Stalinisation of the CP, and of Russia.