Fixed costs refer to an amount that needs to be spent
irrespective of how many units are manufactured. This includes items like land,
machinery, infrastructure and other factors essential to produce anything. An example
would be the cost of a piece of land on which the production facility is built. If the
land costs $100000, this is fixed as $100000 has to be spent whether 10 units are
manufactured using the facility or 1000.
Variable costs
refer to the costs those that depend on the number of items produced. This would include
raw material, labor, etc. An example of variable costs is the amount spent on buying
metal that is required to build a car. If one car requires 100 kg of aluminum, we need
to buy 100000 kg for 1000 cars whereas for 10 cars only 1000 kg need to be bought. So
the amount spent on buying the metal varies with the number of cars
manufactured.
As volume increases, the total fixed cost
remains the same; the total variable cost increases; the fixed cost per
unit decreases; and the variable cost per
unit remains the same.
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