In A Tale of Two Cities. how does the phrase "Recalled to Life" apply to Dr.Manette, Charles Darnay, and Sydney Carton?A Tale of Two Cities by...

The theme of Death and Resurrection is one to which
Charles Dickens returns repeatedly in A Tale of Two Cities. In
fact, the image of prisons as a grave is one that Dickens employs throughout his many
works, perhaps because of his childhood experience of his father's having been in
debtors' prison and lost to him as though he were dead. 

In
Book I, the reader learns that Dr. Alexandre Manette has been released from this
symbolic grave, "recalled to life" after 18 years, having been held unjustly in the
Bastille because he made a report of a slaying of a peasant by aristocrats  to the
authorities. They, in turn, notified the young men involved who had Manette imprisoned. 
Having been confined for years in isolation, Dr. Manette has lost his sense of identity,
thinking of himself only as a simple shoemaker.  In Chapter 6 of Book I, it is a white
haired forty-five year old man who has a "vacant gaze" and "unsteady fingers" and unable
to look directly at people. Knowing himself only as "One Hundred and Five, North Tower,"
it is not until his daughter approaches and he sees her golden hair that a connection to
his old life occurs.  For, he pulls from around his neck a strand of hair, golden like
Lucie's, and this recognition resurrects his old
life.

Later in Book III, Dr. Manette is again recalled to
life, his old life in France, as he testifies on behalf of his son-in-law Charles
Darnay, [Evremonde]. Manette's testimony resurrects his position of respect in Paris as
the "Bastille Captive" rather than as a prominent physician.  Nevertheless, this
experience restores much of the dignity and pride that has been lost to the spirit of
Manette.

Dr. Manette's son-in-law, Charles Darnay, also has
experiences in which he is "recalled to life." In Chapter 3 of Book II, after Darnay
comes to England to escape death in France as an aristocrat, he finds himself ironically
threatened with death anyway on a charge of treason brought upon him by a spy who calls
himself "a patriot": John Barsad.  But, thanks to the acumen of Sydney Carton, the
witness Barsad is discredited and Darnay is freed and given renewed life.  He then falls
in love with Lucie Manette and is married to her. However, shortly thereafter, his tax
collector Gabrielle, writes a desperate letter from prison, begging him to return to
Paris on his behalf.  Compelled by honor to return, Darnay is buried in La Force, the
revolutionary prison, but is freed after Dr. Manette's intercession.  However, the
vengeful Madame Defarge condemns him as an Evremonde, and he is
reincarcerated.

It is Sydney Carton's attraction to Lucie
that awakens him from his dissipation.  He finds new life in visiting Soho on Sundays at
the Manettes and pledges his love and loyalty to Lucie in Chapter 13 of Book
II:

"For you,
and for any dear to you, I would do anything.  If my career were of that better kind
that there was any opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any
sacrifice for you and for those dear to
you."

Carton's devotion to
Lucie and his desire to redeem his dissolute life is also what recalls Darnay to life
with his family, for Sydney Carton becomes the sacrificial victim in place of Darnay. 
His unselfish and courageous act redeems Carton, and he himself is recalled to life
spiritually. Dickens's narrative ends in pathos as Carton redeems the sins of the
Evremondes and is "recalled to life" in the grave.

Solve the system using any method :15x +11y = 1322x + 3y = 59

15x + 11y =
132...........(1)

2x + 3y = 59
..................(2)

We will use the substitution method
to solve.

We will rewrite equation (2) and a function of
x.

==> y= (59 - 2x)
/3

Now we will substitute into
(1).

==> 15x + 11 ( 59-2x)/3 =
132

==> 15x + 649/3 - 22/3 x =
132

==> 15x - 22/3 x = 132 -
649/3

==> (45-22)/3 x =
-253/3

==> 23/3 x =
-253/3

==> x = -253/23 =
-11

==> y= (59-2x)/3 = (59+22)/3 = 81/3=
27

==> y=
27

Then the solution to the system is
the pair (-11, 27)

In Romeo and Juliet, explain the deterioration of Juliet's relationship with her parents.

We first meet Juliet as her mother (and the Nurse) are
discussing the possibility of Juliet's marrying Paris. At that time, Juliet seems
respectful and obediant. It is clear that she does not feel and desire to marry Paris,
yet she does not discount the possibility. She merely states "It is an honor I dream not
of." Likewise, Lord Capulet refuses to accept Paris's offer without Juliet's
willingness. He states that she is still young, that Paris should wait two more years
and try to win Juliet's affections. Once Juliet meets Romeo, everything changes. She
states that she is willing to die for him and for their love as soon as she learns he is
a Montague. She defies her parents by refusing to marry Paris when she is instructed to
after Tybalt is killed. Her father and mother change as well, going from affectionate
(if distant) parents to having her father say that she can "die, beg, starve in the
street" if she does not obey his instruction to marry Paris.

What does the narrator mean by “a moment of temporary mental apparition”?

Sam and Bill are obviously swindlers, confidence men, who
specialize in cheating simple rustic people out of their money with various schemes.
Both men have cultivated big vocabularies in order to impress the yokels. They are
similar in this respect to the two rapscallions in Mark Twain's The Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn who call themselves The King and The Duke but who are
really only ignorant petty crooks. Both Sam and Bill use big words inappropriately.
These are called "malapropisms." What Sam the narrator is trying to say is that Bill
expressed the idea of kidnapping a child "during a moment of temporary
aberration." Part of O. Henry's reason for portraying these two
would-be kidnappers as men who are not as smart as they think they are is to explain how
they could have made so many mistakes and gotten themselves into so much
trouble.

In Hollywood parlance "The Ransom of Red Chief"
would be called "a busted caper story." There have been many films in which crooks plan
a crime (a "caper") carefully but things start going wrong because of unforeseen
circumstances. An excellent example of a "busted caper" film is
Fargo (1996), starring William H. Macy as the man who hires a
couple of incompetents to kidnap his wife so that he can collect a million dollars in
ransom from her wealthy father.

According to
Wikipedia:

readability="6.75">

The word malapropism comes
ultimately from the French mal à propos meaning "inappropriate" via
"Mrs. Malaprop", a character in the  href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan">Richard Brinsley
Sheridan comedy  href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivals">The Rivals (1775)
who habitually misused her
words.

In addition to
malapropisms, there are other misuses of language in the story. For example, Sam
says:

There
was a sylvan attitude of somnolent sleepiness pervading that section of the external
outward surface of Alabama that lay exposed to my
view.

The words "somnolent"
and "sleepiness" mean the same thing, as do "external" and
"outward."

A large part of the comedy in O. Henry's "The
Ransom of Red Chief" comes from the fact that the kidnap victim's father, whom they take
to be an ignorant country bumpkin, outsmarts the two city slickers. This sort of theme
has been a staple of American humor for many years.

Compare and contrast the acquistion of Texas and the Southwest with that of Oregon.

There are more differences between these two acquisitions
than there are similarities.

The only real similarity
between these two is that both places were, originally, taken by Europeans from the
Native Americans.  In both places, there were still Native Americans that had to be
"removed" or "pacified" after the US acquired the new
territory.

There is a significant difference in how the US
acquired each area, though.  The US acquired Texas and the Southwest through coercion. 
Mexico did not recognize Texas's independence when the US annexed Texas and it took the
Mexican-American War to get the rest of the Southwest for the US.  By contrast, the US
got the Oregon Territory peacefully.  The US got Oregon by making a treaty with Great
Britain.  There was no coercion involved.

So, the
similarity is that both areas were originally taken by force from Native Americans. 
However, the US took the Southwest by force from Mexico but got Oregon peacefully from
Great Britain.

Why is Atticus so affectionate toward Jem after Jem has disobeyed him in To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Harper Lee's novel, To Kill a
Mockingbird, Chapter Fifteen finds Atticus sitting in front of the jail where
Tom Robinson is being held, keeping watch. The reason is soon apparent as a mob of angry
men arrive, demanding Tom's release into their hands. It is obvious that these men are
ready to lynch Tom. As Atticus prepares to face the angry group, Jem, Scout and Dill run
up and join him.

It is easy to understand why Atticus is so
frightened that the children are there: he fears that they may be harmed, and he tells
Jem to take the other two kids and go home.

readability="10">

…by the way he stood Jem was not thinking of
budging.

"Go home, I
said."

Jem shook his head. As Atticus's fists went to his
hips, so did Jem's, and as they faced each other I could see little resemblance between
them…Mutual defiance made them
alike.

It doesn't matter if
Atticus demands or pleads, Jem will not leave his father's side. It seems to me that
more than anything, Jem wants to protect his father, and he takes a stand. Atticus is
afraid, but Jem is too young to know to be afraid. However, Jem is
of an age to grasp the importance of supporting his father, as his father tries to do
the right thing in protecting Tom. I don't even know that Jem understands the
implications of the mob's demand, but he can certainly comprehend
the angry demeanor of the men who are confronting his
father.

When Scout has had a chance to speak to Mr.
Cunningham, helping him to remember that like Atticus, he is a father, Mr. Cunningham
disperses the crowd. As they start to walk home, Atticus and Jem walk ahead, and Scout
is sure her father is yelling at Jem for his disobedience. She realizes she is wrong
when he ruffles Jem's hair… 
"his one gesture of
affection."

I believe that Atticus, while frightened, is
more than a little proud of his son for standing by to support him. Perhaps Atticus is
realizing that Jem is becoming a young man, putting his childhood behind him. It may
simply be that Atticus realizes as they go back to the house, that they are two men
walking—united in purpose—rather than a man and a boy.

How did the world become increasingly divided into east and west between 1492 and 1800?

The starting point for this time period should give you a
hint as to how the world became more divided in those years.  The starting point is, of
course, the year in which Columbus sailed to the Americas and in which the Moors were
finally expelled from Spain.  Both of these were
consequential.

Both events served to diminish the amount of
contact between the Middle East and the West.  After the Moors were expelled, there was
no Muslim presence in Europe and the two societies grew apart.  After Columbus
"discovered" America, European trade came to focus much more on the Americas instead of
focusing (as it previously had) on trade with Asia, most of which came through the
Middle East.

This is an oversimplification, of course. 
There were ways in which the East and West came together during this time as more
contact was made with China and as the British took more control over India.  However,
the basic idea holds.  The West stopped having nearly as much contact with, especially,
the Muslim world of "the East" in the years after 1492.